An agenda for real-world fairness research to inform policy and organizations.

Fairness concerns shape how people judge wages, institutions, taxes, transfers and social conflict. Decades of research show that people care not only about their own outcomes but also about how outcomes are distributed across others. The key question is now how these concerns operate outside simple laboratory settings, in real social and institutional environments. We argue that fairness concerns are shaped by comparison groups, beliefs about what outcomes are deserved, social norms, early-life experience and the institutions that make some comparisons more visible than others. This means that policies and organizations do not merely respond to fairness preferences; they can also activate, redirect and reshape them. Progress requires methods that connect experiments with field data, institutional variation and richer measures of how people evaluate whole income distributions. Such work can improve the design of workplaces, welfare policies and public institutions that are both effective and seen as legitimate.