Semaglutide: A Comprehensive Review of its Pharmacology, Clinical Applications, and Future Therapeutic Potential

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) that works for an extended period of time and has revolutionized the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. By mimicking the endogenous incretin hormone GLP-1, semaglutide has a variety of physiological effects that help to improve metabolic control. It increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion while also reducing inappropriate appetite. Glucagon release, delayed gastric emptying, and increased satiety combine to produce better glycemic management and considerable weight reduction. Semaglutide differs from prior GLP-1 analogs in a crucial way: it comes in both subcutaneous injectable and oral tablet formulations, giving patients more options and ease. for patients, increasing adherence and long-term treatment outcomes. Semaglutide has a long half-life of about a week, which makes it possible to administer the injectable form once a week. Its oral composition makes use of absorption-enhancing technology, which, despite the molecule's peptide composition, aids in gastrointestinal absorption. Its greater effectiveness in lowering glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), decreasing body weight, and lowering the risk has been demonstrated by clinical trials, such as the SUSTAIN and PIONEER programs. of significant negative cardiovascular events when compared with conventional treatments. Mild to moderate gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea and vomiting, is a common side effect, and it typically subsides with time. Beyond diabetes and obesity, emerging evidence suggests semaglutide’s potential in addressing metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease, cardiovascular prevention, and neuroprotective applications. As research advances, semaglutide continues to exemplify the integration of peptide pharmacology and innovative drug delivery, marking a milestone in personalized management of metabolic disorders. Keywords: Semaglutide, GLP-1 receptor agonist, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, SNAC [sodium N–(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino)caprylate] , STEP program.