Samiah Rachmawati, Muhammad Fa'iz Ramadhan, Rahmad, Erinda Rahma Mulia
Background: Dysphonia is an alteration in voice quality, pitch, loudness, or vocal effort that negatively affects communication and quality of life. It affects up to 30% of individuals during their lifetime and may result from structural laryngeal lesions, neurogenic disorders, functional voice disorders, or systemic conditions such as laryngopharyngeal reflux. Despite its high prevalence and significant psychosocial burden, comprehensive evidence regarding rehabilitation remains limited. Objective: To synthesise current evidence on the effectiveness, mechanisms, and integrated clinical approaches of non-surgical, evidence-based medical rehabilitation for dysphonia. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Clinical practice guidelines, randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews, and observational studies published over the past two decades were reviewed. Results: Behavioural voice therapy remains the first-line evidence-based treatment for dysphonia. Effective approaches include Resonant Voice Therapy, LSVT LOUD, the Accent Method, and Stretch and Flow Phonation. Outcomes are enhanced by adjunctive interventions such as diaphragmatic breathing exercises, laryngeal manual therapy, and postural correction. Physical modalities, including surface electromyography biofeedback, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, low-level laser therapy, and ultrasound diathermy, may improve tissue healing and neuromuscular control in selected patients. Psychological interventions, particularly cognitive behavioural therapy and voice counselling, help address psychogenic factors and reduce relapse. Conclusion: Dysphonia rehabilitation requires a multidisciplinary, individualised approach combining behavioural voice therapy with adjunctive physical and psychological interventions. Current evidence supports integrated rehabilitation to improve vocal function and quality of life, although further high-quality studies are needed to strengthen clinical recommendations.