Targeting Synovial Inflammation and Joint Destruction: Therapeutic Potential of Nigella sativa Seeds in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent synovial inflammation and progressive joint destruction. Conventional therapies, including NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and DMARDs, may cause adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer, multi-targeted agents. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of Nigella sativa seed extract in carrageenan- and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced rat models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using carrageenan-induced paw edema, while anti-arthritic activity was evaluated using CFA-induced arthritis in Wistar rats. Paw volume, body weight, motor coordination, hematological parameters, and joint histopathology were assessed. RESULTS: Acute toxicity studies showed that the extract was safe up to 2000 mg/kg. Nigella sativa produced a significant, dose-dependent reduction in carrageenan-induced paw edema. In CFA-induced arthritis, the extract reduced paw swelling, prevented body-weight loss, improved motor activity, and attenuated alterations in RBC, WBC, Hb, and ESR. Histopathological examination demonstrated reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, improved trabecular thickness, and preservation of bone architecture. DISCUSSION: The observed effects are consistent with the reported anti-inflammatory potential of Nigella sativa, which may involve suppression of inflammatory mediators and pathways. The findings support its multi-targeted activity against inflammation and joint damage. CONCLUSION: Nigella sativa seed extract demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects, suggesting potential as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory disorders such as RA.