Brijesh Dubey, Shruti Patel, Nishabh Kushwaha, Asha Patel
Abstract: Liposomes have emerged as flexible and effective nanocarriers for drug delivery, gene therapy, and diagnostics due to their biocompatibility, ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds, and controlled release properties. Recent advances in liposome produc-tion have significantly increased their therapeutic potential, leading to higher drug-loading effi-ciency, improved targeting capabilities, and greater stability. Traditional technologies, such as thin-film hydration and reverse-phase evaporation, are widely used but suffer from batch-to-batch variability and limited scalability. Microfluidics, freeze-drying methods, and ethanol injection have overcome these restrictions by providing more control over liposome size, polydispersity, and encapsulation efficiency. Microfluidic technology, in particular, enables the precise, repeata-ble manufacturing of liposomes with narrow size distributions, which is crucial for targeted deliv-ery in nanomedicine. Furthermore, surface modification approaches such as PEGylation and ligand conjugation have enhanced liposome stability, enabled tissue-specific targeting, minimized off-target effects, and improved therapeutic efficacy. In addition, advances in stimuli-responsive liposomes, which re-lease their payload in response to environmental cues like as pH, temperature, or enzymes, have created new opportunities for site-specific drug administration. Despite these advances, challeng-es remain in large-scale manufacture, long-term stability, and regulatory approval for therapeutic uses. Ongoing research focused on optimizing preparation methods and enhancing liposome bio-compatibility and targeting efficiency holds considerable promise for their future use in precision medicine and tailored treatments.