In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Potentials of Martynia annua-Derived Chitosan Nanoparticles Toward Potential Anticancer Application.

INTRODUCTION: Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNPs), derived from the natural polymer chitosan, are increasingly recognized as highly versatile nanocarriers for delivering biological macromolecules in biomedical and biotechnological applications. Their utility in fields such as drug delivery, gene therapy, and tissue engineering is highly valued for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and targeted delivery capabilities. However, comprehensive safety evaluations, including cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, are crucial before clinical or experimental applications. Green synthesis using plant extracts offers an eco-friendly route for nanoparticle production and may enhance biocompatibility. In this study, Martynia annua was employed, a plant with bioactive properties, to synthesize CNPs and evaluate their safety in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CNPs were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Martynia annua via ionic gelation. Cytotoxicity was assessed in CHO-K1 cells using the chromosomal aberration assay across concentrations up to 2000 μg/mL. Genotoxic effects were evaluated in murine models using the micronucleus test at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. Standard controls were included to validate the assays. RESULTS: The CNPs demonstrated uniform morphology and nanoscale size. No significant cytotoxicity was observed in CHO-K1 cells, and chromosomal aberrations remained within baseline levels. Similarly, the in vivo micronucleus test showed no increase in micronuclei formation, indicating the absence of genotoxic effects even at high doses. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that Martynia annua-derived CNPs are biocompatible and safe for cellular and systemic exposure. The green synthesis approach may further reduce the potential toxicity associated with chemical reagents. CONCLUSION: Naturally synthesized CNPs from Martynia annua are safe, non-cytotoxic, and non-genotoxic, supporting their potential application as nanocarriers for biological macromolecule delivery in therapeutic and biotechnological contexts.