Integrating Micronutrients with Nanoparticle- Based Delivery for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Management: Emerging Therapeutic Paradigms.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a serious diabetic complication leading to high rates of morbidity, amputation risks, and economic burdens on the treatment facilities. The present review continues our exploration of the novel paradigm of combining micronutrients with nanoparticles to address diabetes-related DFUs effectively. We performed a detailed examination of published studies to discuss our views on the ever-increasing utilization of essential micronutrients like zinc, selenium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E to modulate oxidative stress levels, stimulate the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factors, and aid in tissue repair mechanisms. This detailed scrutiny was carried out in parallel to analyze various nanoparticle-based systems to specifically address their bioavailability, stability, deliverability, and efficiency in carrying out wound repair in DFUs. Both micronutrients and nanoparticles have shown substantial activity to increase antioxidant mechanisms, boost the immunomodulatory system, and accelerate tissue repair mechanisms in DFUs. Both methods utilize advanced delivery mechanisms to precisely deliver drugs to the affected areas reliably. Novel delivery methods with micronutrients in DFUs showed a therapeutic integration approach to quicken the healing time to DFUs in faster re-epithelialization, decrease microbial counts, increase extracellular matrix remodeling, and improve healing rates in clinical settings. There is a need for further clinical development to stabilize formulations of combining micronutrients with delivering nanoparticles to serve clinical needs effectively in DFUs. There is a great potential influence in applying this novel multipurpose approach to treat DFUs effectively to increase healing rates and minimize risks of complications in diabetic clients.