Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Pharmacological Effects of Okanin, A Flavonoid Monomer in Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.: A Review.

INTRODUCTION: This review of the preparation, structural characterization, bioactivities, and potential clinical applications of okanin, a flavonoid monomer from Coreopsis tinctoria, serves as a reference for its development, application, and further research. METHODS: The relevant literature in both Chinese and English was searched on PubMed, CNKI, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using the keywords "okanin; preparation; structural; characterization; bioactivities; potential clinical applications; and review" either alone or in combination. RESULTS: Okanin found in both Bidens frondosa and C. tinctoria is responsible for the similar biological activity of both plants owing to its strong hydrogen-donating capacity. The pharmacological effects of okanin from C. tinctoria include its antithrombosis, antidiabetic, anticolitic, antibacterial, anti-colorectal cancer, neuroprotective, and antioxidant effects. Okanin also inhibits skin photoaging, enzymes, Plasmodium falciparum, and bone loss, and is used to treat male infertility. Its pharmacological effects and medicinal value have increased research interest in developing this phytochemical. DISCUSSION: These pharmacological effects have provided insight into the medicinal value of Okanin. Based on this, people can develop new anti-thrombotic drugs, anti-diabetes drugs, anti-colitis drugs, anti-pathogenic drugs, etc., and promote the research and application of Okanin in the pharmaceutical field. CONCLUSION: As a medicinal and edible plant with multiple biological activities, okanin in C. tinctoria still demonstrates immense potential for structural development to enhance its biological activity. These commendable pharmacological effects collectively highlight the importance of further developing okanin.