Prevention or Treatment of Dengue Virus Disease: An Update on Recent Vaccination and Therapeutics Globally.

Dengue fever is one of the most serious public health issues in tropical and subtropical regions, transmitted by the mosquito Aedes. There are four serotypes of the Dengue virus [DENV, types 1-4]. Every year, millions of people contract dengue infection. Symptoms range from fever to the more complicated condition of hemorrhagic fever. Vector control remains an important tool for preventing dengue, but no antiviral drugs are available to date. Recent progress in prevention has been achieved through vaccine development with licensed vaccines such as Dengvaxia and TAK-003. Both are demonstrating varying degrees of efficacy, and many concerns related to safety and reduced effectiveness in seronegative or dengueuninfected individuals remain unresolved. In parallel, several RNA-based vaccines and antiviral agents are currently under investigation and may provide hope for improved and broader protection against DENV in the future. On the other hand, therapeutic approaches such as antiviral peptides, monoclonal antibodies, nanotechnology-based interventions, and compounds targeting viral replication have shown positive outcomes in preclinical and early clinical trials. Nevertheless, the presence of four serotypes and the complex immunopathology of DENV infection continue to complicate both vaccine and therapeutic development. Technological progress has significantly advanced dengue control by developing rapid diagnostic technologies and using data to predict disease outbreaks. A holistic approach encompassing vaccination, targeted therapeutics, vector control, diagnostic innovation, and global cooperation is imperative for mitigating the global threat of dengue. Although vaccines are indispensable for disease prevention, new treatment options are essential for directly managing dengue infections.