Applications of Graphene in Biomedical Fields and Advances in Its Antitumor Research.

Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal formed by carbon atoms through sp2 hybridization, exhibiting exceptional physicochemical properties such as ultra-high strength, high specific surface area, and outstanding chemical stability. It has garnered extensive attention across multiple fields and emerged as a core focus in interdisciplinary research. This paper systematically reviews the fundamental information and key physicochemical properties of graphene and its derivatives, elucidating their differences in structure, performance, and functionality. It analyzes the research progress of graphene-based materials over the past decade, focusing on the latest achievements in the biomedical field. Based on graphene heating films, this study delves into the mechanism of far-infrared radiation. This study systematically addresses core issues in biomedical applications. It focuses particularly on variations in biocompatibility and safety, as well as potential influencing factors. Existing biomedical applications of graphene and its derivatives are enumerated, elucidating the biological activity of graphene's far-infrared radiation. Its antitumor mechanisms are analyzed at both in vitro and in vivo levels, though relevant clinical research data remains scarce. This underscores the immense application potential and translational value of graphene-based materials in biomedicine. Finally, it analyzes existing barriers in the graphene industry from three aspects: standard establishment, safety assessment, and mechanism clarification. It identifies priority development directions for graphene materials: improving the quality standards system, optimizing safety and biocompatibility, supplementing clinical data, and deepening research on therapeutic mechanisms. These are key prerequisites for graphene-based materials to break through laboratory research limitations and advance toward clinical application, which is crucial for accelerating their industrialization in the biomedical field.