Mahir Akram, Bhaskar Somani
Nephrolithiasis is a common global urological disorder, with incidence rates being as high as 13% in some regions of North America, contributing to substantial healthcare burdens. In 2021, 106 million new cases were reported worldwide, predominantly in men, reflecting a 27% rise since 2000. Regional disparities are notable, with Eastern Europe showing the highest rates (3,560 per 100,000). Management has evolved from open surgery to minimally invasive, precision endourological techniques, driven by innovations such as advanced lasers, digital ureteroscopes, artificial intelligence, virtual reality training, and robotic-assisted procedures, these advances have enhanced stone-free rates and reduced complications This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology and contemporary management of kidney stone disease especially analysing variables affecting the disease including gender, age, geography and climate, occupational exposure, dietary lifestyle, and systemic diseases. Understanding the multifactorial epidemiology of nephrolithiasis is essential for effective prevention, while modern technological interventions are reshaping treatment standards and improving patient outcomes by offering individualized treatment options.