Advances in Nanomedicine-Mediated Modulation of the Microbiome for Cancer Therapy

The microbiome is closely related to the development of cancer, and it is feasible to modulate the microbiome for cancer therapy. Strategies based on the modulation of the microbiome, such as probiotic therapy and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), have achieved certain results in cancer therapy. However, poor targeting and low survival rate of the microbiome limited their further application in cancer therapy. Nanomaterials such as liposomes and micelles are widely used as carriers for drug delivery due to their good biocompatibility and stability. The latest evidence indicates that some nanomedicines can reverse cancer-promoting effects (such as promoting cell proliferation and accelerating tissue inflammation) by eliminating cancer-related microbiota, or increase the proportion of beneficial bacteria, which further enhance the production of beneficial metabolites, facilitate immune cell infiltration, and reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby inhibit tumor growth. Thus, it is promising to enhance the efficacy of cancer therapy by regulating microbiota through nanomedicines. This review highlights recent advances in the integration of nanomedicine and microbiota modulation for cancer treatment, aiming to provide insights into the design of innovative therapeutic strategies and broaden treatment options for cancer patients.