Benjamin Doyon
Hydrodynamic noise is the Gaussian process that emerges at larges scales of space and time in many-body systems. It is justified by the central limit theorem, and represents degrees of freedom forgotten when projecting coarse-grained observables onto conserved quantities. It is the basis for fluctuating hydrodynamics, where it appears along with ‘’bare’’ diffusion terms via the Einstein relation. In one dimension of space, nonlinearities may modify the corrections to ballistic behaviours by superdiffusive effects. But in systems where no shocks appear, such as linearly degenerate and integrable systems, it turns out that the diffusive scaling stays intact. Nevertheless, anomalies remain. We show that in such systems, the noise covariance is given by a modification of the Kubo formula, where effects of ballistic long-range correlations – quadratic charges – have been projected out. We further show that nonlinearities are tamed by a point-splitting regularisation. We then obtain a well-defined hydrodynamic fluctuation theory in the ballistic scaling of space-time, as a stochastic PDE. It describes the asymptotic expansion in the inverse variation scale of connected correlation functions, self-consistently organised via a cumulant expansion. The resulting anomalous hydrodynamic equation takes into account both long-range correlations and bare diffusion, generalising recent works. Despite these anomalies, two-point functions satisfy an ordinary diffusion equation, with a normal Kubo formula. In integrable systems, we show that hydrodynamic noise, hence bare diffusion, must vanish, as was conjectured recently, and argue that under an appropriate gauge, this is true at all orders. Thus initial-state fluctuations do not affect coarse-grained currents, and the Ballistic Macroscopic Fluctuation Theory give the all-order hydrodynamic theory for integrable models.