Advances in high-temperature shock technology for structural engineering of electrode materials: a review

Precise control of structure is critical for improving electrochemical performance of electrode materials. Developing effective strategies for structural engineering has therefore become a central pursuit in advancing energy storage and conversion systems. In this aspect, high-temperature shock (HTS) technology has emerged as a powerful tool for engineering electrode materials with precise structural control. By utilizing ultrafast Joule heating to create extreme thermal gradients, HTS enables the rapid synthesis of materials in non-equilibrium states, providing new possibilities for their design. This review focuses on how HTS can be used to achieve designed structural features such as size modulation, defect engineering, phase transformation, and interfacial optimization. Specifically, the unique HTS strategy promotes the creation of nanoscale materials with superior electrochemical properties, while also facilitating the formation and healing of defects that enhance charge storage and transport. HTS not only induces phase transformations but can also stabilize complex phases, such as high-entropy alloys. Moreover, HTS facilitates sophisticated interface engineering, which plays a key role in improving electrochemical performance and durability. The structural regulation enabled by HTS not only provides a distinct perspective on materials design but also exhibits great potential in practical applications, such as advancing lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, optimizing electrocatalysts in fuel cells, and improving efficiency in water splitting. Overall, this review highlights the transformative potential of HTS in the design of next-generation electrode materials for energy storage and conversion applications.