Ergonomic hazards and musculoskeletal health in cotton garment units in and around Kolkata, India

Background: In India the garment industry is a major source of employment, particularly in unorganized sectors where ergonomic standards are often inadequate. Prolonged working stress, repetitive movements, and non-neutral working postures increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), adversely affecting workers’ health and productivity. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among cotton garment weavers in and around Kolkata and to evaluate their working postures. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 122 cotton garment weavers from selected units in and around Kolkata. Participants selected based on their work experience. Musculoskeletal symptoms were assessed using the Modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, postural risk using RULA, and data were analysed in SPSS v19 using chi-square tests, odds ratios (95% CI), and multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with MSDs. Results: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was high (70-85%), with experienced workers showing significantly higher neck (83.33%) and lower back pain (91.67%). RULA assessment indicated high risk (score 5) in 58.33% of participants, and musculoskeletal symptoms were significantly associated with prolonged working hours, work pressure, extended sitting, and higher RULA scores (p<0.05). Conclusions: Due to poor ergonomic condition workers are experience a high burden of musculoskeletal disorders due to poor ergonomic conditions. Community-based ergonomic interventions, improved workstation design, regulated working hours, and adequate rest breaks are urgently needed to reduce MSD risk and enhance workers’ occupational health.