The interplay of influencing factors in physical activity promotion for older men: insights through the capability approach.

BACKGROUND: The capability approach has gained increasing attention in the context of health and physical activity promotion due to its focus on individuals' freedoms to achieve desired outcomes. Its empirical application remains limited, particularly among older men, a group often underrepresented in physical activity promotion. This study applies the capability approach as a theoretical framework to investigate the relationship between individual and socio-structural conversion factors, perceived capabilities for an active lifestyle, and actual physical activity behavior among men aged 50 and older in a community setting. METHODS: Based on a cross-sectional survey (N = 316), partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to assess associations between individual and socio-structural conversion factors (e.g., individual barriers, self-efficacy, structural barriers, and social support from family and friends, as well as a supportive neighborhood environment) and capabilities for an active lifestyle, and between capabilities and actual physical activity behavior. Explanatory power and predictive power were evaluated, and alternative model specifications compared. RESULTS: Individual (r = -.38, f2 = .17) and structural (r = -.26, f2 = .07) factors are significantly associated with perceived capabilities for an active lifestyle (R2 = .28). Higher capabilities for an active lifestyle were positively related to higher actual physical activity levels (r = .32, f2 = .12), although explanatory power for actual physical activity behavior was modest (R2 = .10). The estimated model demonstrated good out-of-sample predictive power and superior fit compared with alternatives. CONCLUSION: This study supports the application of the capability approach in physical activity promotion, demonstrating that individual and structural factors interact to shape older men's perceived capabilities for an active lifestyle. Social factors were not retained in the final model. The findings indicate that physical activity promotion should be tailored to specific needs of the target group. The findings emphasize that physical activity promotion should not only aim to increase behavioral outcomes, but also to ensure equal capabilities for all individuals, while acknowledging the role of conversion factors. Fostering such equitable capabilities for an active lifestyle, particularly for underrepresented populations in physical activity promotion, can be considered as a success in itself. Future interventions should account for diverse conversion factors and group-specific needs.