Digital Tools for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence: A Scoping Review and Landscape Analysis for Outbreak Detection

This scoping review and landscape analysis aims to systematically identify, map, and characterise the digital tools and technologies used for the detection and early warning of infectious disease outbreaks (pandemic and epidemic intelligence). Guided by the JBI Population–Concept–Context framework and reported in line with the PRISMA-ScR guideline, it will chart tools by data source, analytical method, target pathogen, surveillance function, geographic scope, operator/developer, deployment status, and accessibility, producing a landscape matrix of available tools and highlighting gaps. The review considers digital surveillance approaches including internet and social-media monitoring, event-based systems, participatory surveillance, wastewater-based and genomic surveillance, syndromic and EHR-based systems, and AI-driven early-warning tools. A three-step search will cover PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and relevant grey literature. No formal critical appraisal or meta-analysis will be undertaken, consistent with scoping review methodology.