Biochar in concrete: scientometric trends, material properties, and practical viability

This review explores the use of biochar as a sustainable additive in concrete and its potential to reduce the environmental impact of construction materials. It begins by outlining the environmental challenges associated with conventional concrete production, particularly its high carbon emissions, and highlights the growing interest in biochar as a low-carbon alternative. A scientometric analysis is conducted to examine publication trends, leading researchers, influential institutions, and key research themes within this field. The review then discusses the fundamental properties of biochar, including its sources, feedstocks, and production methods, as well as the factors that influence its quality and performance. Its influence on the fresh, mechanical, and durability properties of concrete is evaluated, together with its role in long-term carbon sequestration. The paper further explains the interaction between biochar and cementitious matrices through mechanisms such as pozzolanic reactions, water retention capacity, and microstructural refinement. Finally, environmental and economic implications are considered through life-cycle and cost assessments, and key research gaps and future directions are identified to support broader implementation.