Reproductive Phenology and Trophic Resource Supply Patterns in a Post-Bauxite Mining Forest Restoration Area in Eastern Amazonia.

Plant phenology provides key insights into resource availability and the dynamics of pollinators and seed dispersers during forest restoration. We investigated phenological patterns in naturally regenerating areas following bauxite mining, compared with altered primary forests in a degraded landscape of the eastern Amazon. From August 2022 to July 2023, we monitored flowering (flower buds and flowers at anthesis) and fruiting (immature and mature fruits) phenophases, calculated activity and intensity indices, applied circular statistics, and categorized species by trophic resource type (nectar, pollen, fleshy fruits). Phenophases occurred year-round, with more species and individuals active in regenerating areas than in primary forests. Similar flowering and fruiting periods across habitats suggest climatic control, while higher phenophase intensity in regenerating areas likely reflects reproductive strategies and environmental conditions. These findings underscore the complementary role of regenerating and primary forests in sustaining resource supply, which is critical for maintaining fauna and trophic interaction networks during habitat recovery.