Artificial Intelligence and the Transformation of Global Order: Toward Algorithmic International Relations

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming global politics in ways that challenge key assumptions of International Relations (IR) theory. Unlike previous technological revolutions that primarily altered the material distribution of power, AI functions as a versatile and infrastructural technology embedded in military systems, economic production, governance frameworks, and diplomatic practices. This paper argues that AI signifies a fundamental transformation of international politics rather than merely an additional tool of state power. It introduces the framework of Algorithmic International Relations (AIR) to examine how algorithmic infrastructures, hybrid human–machine agency, rapid strategic rivalry, fragmented governance regimes, and digital stratification are reshaping the global order. Drawing on realism, liberal institutionalism, constructivism, and critical theory, the study evaluates AI’s theoretical implications and tests the AIR framework through three case studies: the United States–China AI rivalry, the European Union’s AI Act, and the Russo‑Ukrainian War. The findings show that AI reshapes power by emphasising control over compute, data, and regulatory standards; shortens decision-making cycles and heightens security dilemmas; diversifies governance structures; and reinforces global inequalities. While classical IR paradigms remain analytically relevant, they require conceptual adaptation to account for algorithmic agency and infrastructural sovereignty in the emerging technopolar order.