Polysaccharide-based biopolymers: exploring film fabrication techniques, molecular interactions, and their potential food applications

Polysaccharide-based biopolymers have emerged as sustainable alternatives to conventional petroleum-derived plastics in food packaging because of their natural abundance, biodegradability, and film-forming ability. Common polysaccharides, such as starch, cellulose, alginate, and chitosan, offer eco-friendly packaging solutions that reduce environmental impact while maintaining food quality. This review explores the development of polysaccharides-based films, emphasizing recent advances in their mechanical, barrier, and functional properties. Various fabrication methods and the incorporation of bioactive compounds have significantly improved their antimicrobial and antioxidant performance, contributing to enhanced shelf life and safety of packaged foods. The integration of nanomaterials has addressed limitations, such as poor water resistance and mechanical weakness, enabling the creation of nanocomposite systems with superior properties. The review discusses regulatory aspects, biodegradability, and challenges in commercializing these materials, including cost, scalability, and compliance. A special focus is placed on the molecular-level interactions between polysaccharides and additives, which play a crucial role in determining the stability and functionality of films. Polysaccharide-based biopolymers present a promising pathway toward environmentally responsible, active, and intelligent packaging solutions in the food industry.