Optimal management of pregnancies presenting with membrane prolapse

INTRODUCTION: Membrane prolapse represents a severe manifestation of cervical insufficiency, occurring in 0.3-1.0 % of pregnancies and posing significant risks for extreme prematurity and perinatal mortality. Despite decades of clinical experience, optimal management remains controversial. CONTENT: This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of membrane prolapse. We examine biomechanical and inflammatory mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, including cervical length assessment and amniocentesis, as well as therapeutic strategies, such as emergency cerclage and expectant management. Evidence-based perioperative care includes prophylactic antibiotics (cefazolin plus azithromycin), tocolytic therapy for uterine quiescence, antenatal corticosteroids (betamethasone or dexamethasone) between 24 and 34 weeks, and magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection before 32 weeks. SUMMARY: Emergency cerclage achieves fetal survival rates of approximately 73 % in carefully selected patients presenting between 16 and 24 weeks with cervical dilation of 2-4 cm and absence of intraamniotic infection. Amniocentesis is critical when cervical dilation exceeds 2-3 cm, as infection represents the strongest predictor of treatment failure. Outcomes vary significantly based on clinical presentation, with negative amniocentesis associated with 70-80 % survival vs. 20-30 % with positive results. OUTLOOK: Future research priorities include prospective randomized trials comparing emergency cerclage to expectant management, validation of biomarkers predicting infection and treatment success, optimization of perioperative protocols, and further development of innovative therapeutic strategies such as anti-inflammatory agents.