Magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transport in Non-Newtonian nanofluids over a stretching surface with Joule heating and viscous dissipation effects

Abstract The present study investigates the enhancement of energy efficiency in thermal systems through the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of non-Newtonian nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids, and ternary hybrid nanofluids under the combined effects of Joule heating, viscous dissipation, chemical reaction, and thermal radiation. A Casson fluid model is employed to characterize the non-Newtonian behavior, while Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , and Ag nanoparticles are considered for hybrid and ternary hybrid suspensions. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations and are solved numerically. The influence of key physical parameters, including the magnetic parameter, radiation parameter, Eckert number, Prandtl number, porous medium parameter, Grashof numbers, and chemical reaction parameter, on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles is analyzed. The results indicate that the magnetic field suppresses fluid velocity due to the Lorentz force while enhancing the temperature distribution through Joule heating. Viscous dissipation significantly increases thermal energy within the boundary layer. Thermal radiation and internal heat generation enhance the heat transfer rate, whereas higher Prandtl numbers reduce thermal diffusivity. Chemical reaction effects decrease concentration levels due to species consumption. A comparative analysis reveals that ternary hybrid nanofluids exhibit superior thermal performance, higher Nusselt numbers, and improved energy transport efficiency compared to hybrid and conventional nanofluids.