Modern concept of tillage and its importance in relation to yield of crop

Tillage is a fundamental component of crop production, influencing soil physical, chemical and biological properties that shape crop establishment, growth and yield. However, conventional intensive tillage has raised concerns due to soil degradation, resource use inefficiency and rising production costs. This review synthesises current concepts and practices in modern tillage, including minimum tillage, zero tillage, conservation tillage, ridge tillage and puddling, with emphasis on their agronomic, environmental and economic implications. The review highlights how reduced- and zero-tillage systems improve soil organic matter, enhance moisture retention, lower erosion and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while also noting challenges such as weed pressure, equipment requirements and early-season germination issues. Evidence from recent studies indicates that modern tillage practices can maintain or improve yields when integrated with residue management and appropriate crop rotations. The paper also identifies knowledge gaps related to long-term soil health impacts and site-specific tillage recommendations. Overall, modern tillage approaches offer promising pathways for sustainable crop production, but their successful adoption requires careful planning, farmer training and adaptation to local soil and climate conditions.