◆ International Journal of Technology2026-07-31· Set (abstract data type)
Transforming Engineering Systems: The Evolution of AI from Tools to Autonomous Agents
Yudan Whulanza, Eny Kusrini, Ruki Harwahyu, Ismi R. Fitri, Muhamad Asvial, Arun K. Sangaiah
原始摘要（英文原文）· Original abstract
Until very recently, AI in engineering functioned primarily as a highly specialized, responsive tool. An engineer provided a set of instructions or boundary conditions, the system executed the calculation, and it quietly waited for the next