How post-translational modifications in pathogenic fungi inform pathogenesis and immune responses

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are conserved, tightly regulated processes that introduce chemical groups or remove portions of the protein, ensuring structural and functional competence.PTMs regulate protein folding, stability, localization, and activity, particularly of secreted proteins.In pathogenic fungi, these modifications influence signaling, membrane function, cell wall architecture, and gene expression, thereby shaping virulence and host interactions.More than 200 PTMs have been described in eukaryotes, many of which are shared between fungi and humans [1].This mini review summarizes major PTMs in pathogenic fungi, with an emphasis on how these PTMs, particularly glycosylation, inform immune responses.