Bronagh Hafford
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of morbidity in the paediatric population, with prevalence varying according to age, sex, and circumcision status. Differentiating between upper and lower tract infections is crucial, as upper UTIs carry a greater risk of renal scarring and long-term complications. Accurate diagnosis and timely management reduce acute symptoms and prevent sequelae such as chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Current guidance recommends urgent referral for infants under 3 months of age, short-course oral antibiotics for uncomplicated cystitis in older children, and longer treatment for pyelonephritis. Preventive strategies emphasise addressing risk factors such as constipation, hydration and bladder dysfunction, while limiting prophylactic antibiotic use to high-risk cases. Education of parents and carers is central to early recognition and long-term management.