Debopam Samanta, Grace Newell, Avery Robert Caraway, Emily Brock, Gregory W. Albert, Edward J. Novotny, Dewi Frances Depositario Cabacar, Chima Oluigbo, William D. Gaillard, Priyamvada Tatachar, Jeffrey Bolton, Lily C. Wong‐Kisiel, Erin Fedak Romanowski, Nancy McNamara, Krista Eschbach, Allyson Alexander, Kurtis I. Auguste, Ernesto Gonzalez‐Giraldo, Danilo Bernardo, Adam P. Ostendorf, Jason Coryell, Samir Karia, Cemal Karakas, Pradeep Javarayee, P Pichon, Joffre Olaya, Daniel W. Shrey, Shilpa B. Reddy, Abhinaya Ganesh, Jason S. Hauptman, Rani K. Singh, Michael A. Ciliberto, Ahmad Marashly, Zachary M. Grinspan, Srishti Nangia, Kristen H. Arredondo, D. Miller, Shifteh Sattar, Maria Augusta Montenegro, Nitin Agarwal, Fernando Galán, Janelle L. Wagner, Taylor J. Abel, Andrew Knox, Μ. Scott Perry
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite strong evidence supporting timely surgical evaluation, many children with drug-resistant epilepsy undergo multiple antiseizure medication (ASM) trials before surgery. Because guidelines recommend evaluation after failure of 2 appropriate ASMs, evaluation after failure of >2 ASMs serves as a clinically relevant benchmark. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with initiation of surgical evaluation after failure of >2 ASMs and evaluate its association with seizure freedom. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis using the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium Surgery Database, including 24 US pediatric epilepsy centers. Children aged 18 years and younger who initiated epilepsy surgery evaluation between January 2018 and February 2023 were included. Timing of evaluation was defined by the number of ASM failures before first phase I evaluation (≤2 vs >2). Unadjusted analyses and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify predictors of later evaluation and assess its association with seizure freedom, adjusting for etiology, seizure type, MRI findings, and surgical procedure. RESULTS: = 0.028). DISCUSSION: Initiation of surgical evaluation after failure of more than 2 ASMs is associated with more complex epilepsy phenotypes and lower rates of seizure freedom. However, 80% of these patients still experienced a >50% reduction in seizures, highlighting the therapeutic benefits of timely epilepsy surgery-even when seizure freedom is unlikely-regardless of epilepsy subtype.