Oilseeds: Wastes, Byproducts, and Utilization

Oilseeds are one of the major agricultural commodities. Oilseeds are plants that produce oil-rich seeds or fruits, which are commonly used to extract edible oils. During the oil extraction process, various byproducts and wastes are generated. These byproducts and wastes can have different levels of usefulness and can be utilized in various ways to minimize waste and enhance sustainability. A major portion left after oil extraction is seed cake or meal, which is rich in protein, fiber, and other nutrients and can be used as animal feed, particularly in livestock and poultry farming. Hulls and shells, a byproduct of the production of oilseeds, have antioxidant properties, are rich in fiber, and can be utilized as animal feed or used as a source of biomass for energy production. Also, the seed hulls and fines were used to manufacture soap, waxes, and candles. Overall, oilseed waste is rich in bioactive compounds and is thus regarded as a valuable vehicle for food fortification, primarily to prevent malnutrition and improve human health. Furthermore, numerous products such as edible 62 films, protein concentrates, isolates, and emulsifiers may be obtained by properly processing these wastes and byproducts.