Bilal M. Ayyub
This chapter extends reliability analysis from components to systems. It introduces formal definitions of system failure and presents analytical methods for series, parallel, series–parallel, and k-out-of-n systems. The chapter discusses resilience as a complementary concept to reliability, emphasizing system performance degradation and recovery. Bayesian methods are introduced for updating failure probabilities using observed data, including parameter estimation for common distributions. Software reliability and network-based performance attributes are also addressed. By integrating structural modeling, probabilistic analysis, and resilience concepts, this chapter provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating system-level failure probabilities in complex engineering systems.