3D bioprinting: current status and future prospects in tissue and organ regeneration

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a transformative technology in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, offering innovative solutions for the fabrication of complex biological structures. By utilizing bioinks composed of living cells and biomaterials, 3D bioprinting enables the precise layer-by-layer construction of functional tissues and organs. This review explores the latest advancements in bioprinting techniques, including inkjet-based, extrusion-based, laser-assisted, and stereolithography-based methods. Key biomaterials used in bioprinting, such as hydrogels, natural and synthetic polymers, and composite materials, are discussed in relation to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The applications of 3D bioprinting in tissue regeneration, wound healing, drug testing, and organ transplantation are examined, highlighting its potential to address critical shortages in donor organs. Despite its promising benefits, challenges such as vascularization, cell viability, scalability, and regulatory hurdles remain significant barriers to clinical translation. Future directions in 3D bioprinting, including the integration of artificial intelligence, advanced bioinks, and personalized medicine approaches, are also explored. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status and prospects of 3D bioprinting, emphasizing its transformative potential in biomedical sciences.