Targeting risk factors and strategies for prevention of peripheral neuropathy: focus on B-vitamin deficiencies and metabolic diseases

BACKGROUND: Polyneuropathy (PN) is a common neurological disorder characterized by sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction of peripheral nerves. Its incidence is increasing, especially among the elderly population, making PN a significant and growing public health concern worldwide. MAIN BODY: This review highlights the key risk factors contributing to the development of PN, with a particular focus on nutritional and metabolic etiologies. These include B-vitamin deficiencies, prediabetes, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and treatment-induced neuropathies. The complex interplay of these factors often exacerbates the progression of PN and complicates management. Current preventive approaches and challenges in early detection are also discussed to provide a comprehensive overview of strategies aimed at reducing the disease burden. CONCLUSION: The rising prevalence and disabling nature of PN necessitate urgent public awareness, better screening, and increased healthcare resources. Advancing prevention strategies targeting modifiable risk factors may significantly reduce the impact of PN on patients and healthcare systems alike.