Advances in vascular endothelial cell-mediated regulation of satellite cell repair and regeneration

With advancing age, vascular endothelial cells (ECs) exhibit functional decline and reduced angiogenic capacity, adversely affecting muscle homeostasis. Satellite cells (SCs), serving as the primary stem cells in adult skeletal muscle, are responsible for proliferating, differentiating, and repairing damaged tissue post-injury. Notably, ECs regulate skeletal muscle regeneration not only through angiogenesis-mediated oxygen and nutrient supply to injured areas but also via molecular signaling pathways that modulate SC activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Investigating the regulatory mechanisms of ECs on SCs is crucial for understanding muscle regeneration, repair, and therapeutic strategies for related disorders. This review focuses on EC-mediated regulation of SCs during skeletal muscle regeneration, aiming to elucidate their intricate interplay and provide novel perspectives and theoretical frameworks for advancing research in muscle regeneration and muscle-related disease treatment.