In Silico and Molecular Docking Analysis of Benzyl Isothiocyanate from Salvadora persica as a Predicted Multi-Target Candidate for COVID-19 Host Responses.

COVID-19 remains a relevant area of biomedical investigation because its pathogenesis involves complex virus-host interactions. This study aimed to explore, through purely in silico and hypothesis-generating insights, the predicted molecular associations between benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) from Salvadora persica and COVID-19-associated host-response pathways. BITC-associated targets were collected from compound-target databases, while COVID-19-associated targets were obtained from disease-gene databases and transcriptomic datasets. Overlapping targets were analyzed using protein-protein interaction network construction, hub-gene prioritization, Gene Ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses, and molecular docking. A total of 271 unique BITC-associated targets and 1890 COVID-19-associated targets were identified, with 36 candidate targets overlapping. PPI analysis generated a connected network of 24 nodes and 39 edges. Hub-gene analysis prioritized ACE, JUN, MAOA, CDK1, MAOB, HCK, CCNA2, ACHE, GADD45A, and ADRA2A. Enrichment analysis indicated associations with inflammatory response, vascular regulation, calcium homeostasis, monoamine oxidase activity, NF-κB signaling, serotonergic synapse, and tryptophan metabolism. Validated active-site docking of six targets yielded comparative Vina scores ranging from -5.380 to -6.437 kcal/mol. These preliminary findings provide theoretical target-pathway associations supporting further investigation of BITC as a potential immunomodulatory candidate within COVID-19-related host-response pathways.