Percutaneous vertebral augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: minimally invasive techniques and clinical outcomes

Osteoporosis is a prevalent bone disorder marked by a decrease in bone density and a deterioration of bone structure, leading to an increased risk of fractures due to weakened bone strength. As the global population ages, osteoporosis has become a significant public health issue, particularly among postmenopausal women who experience a rapid loss of bone density as a result of decreased estrogen levels. A common and disabling consequence of osteoporosis is osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF), which can occur even with minimal trauma and often lead to pain, spinal deformities, and a diminished quality of life. Although conservative treatments, including medication and physical therapy, may provide some symptom relief, they are often insufficient for patients with severe fractures.Percutaneous vertebral augmentation (PVA) has emerged as a promising minimally invasive surgical option for treating OVCF. The procedure involves percutaneously inserting a balloon into the fractured vertebra, inflating it to restore vertebral height and stability, and injecting bone cement to stabilize the vertebra and reduce pain. Compared to traditional surgical methods, PVA offers notable advantages, including shorter operative times, fewer complications, and faster recovery.This review examines the indications for and technical aspects of PVA, while also assessing the clinical effectiveness of this treatment in managing OVCF. Despite its advantages, challenges remain, such as the potential for postoperative complications and the necessity of personalized treatment approaches. The aim of this review is to provide a thorough understanding of PVA as a valuable therapeutic option for OVCF, emphasizing recent developments and identifying areas for future research.