Julia R. Bacci, Stamatia Karagianni, Zampeta-Sofia Alexopoulou, Shirine Moukaled, Claudia Tato-Fernández, Prithvi Arunachalam, Aram Aslanyan, Sandar Aye, Ana Sabsil López Rocha, Monica Crugel, Ayesha Fawad, Aitana Sogorb-Esteve, Michael Schöll, Alexandra König, Ross W. Paterson
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting millions worldwide. The clinical presentation of AD is heterogenous and often complicated by the presence of multiple co-pathologies, which can overlap with features of other neurodegenerative disorders, underscoring the need for tools to aid accurate and timely diagnosis. Biomarkers for AD span multiple modalities and are being increasingly used in clinical settings to aid diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and assess eligibility and response to disease-modifying therapies. Here, we provide an overview of current clinical applications of fluid, imaging, and digital biomarkers for AD. We also discuss biomarkers under development and challenges associated with the implementation of these modalities in clinical settings.