Holistic concept guided quality control of traditional Chinese medicines for optimizing bioavailability

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) exerts multiple pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and immune regulation, etc. However, its clinical efficacy and safety depend not only on the synergy of active substances but also on the precise control of potential toxic constituents. Therefore, a clear understanding of the in vivo behavior of TCM is essential. Bioavailability, as a key indicator for evaluating the clinical efficacy and safety of TCM, are increasingly recognized as interdependent. The ultimate goal of quality control is reflected in the bioavailability observed in clinical practice, making it a critical link for ensuring consistency and safety of TCM. This review summarizes recent progress on the mechanisms and roles of bioavailability in TCM quality control, and highlights that overcoming current bottlenecks requires cross-disciplinary integration. Guided by TCM theory and a holistic perspective, quality control should focus on biological effects rather than fragmented component analysis, and shift toward systematic and integrative approaches. Adhering to these principles is fundamental for improving bioavailability, enhancing clinical potential, and ensuring the safe use of TCM.