Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: composition, function and clinical potential

As membrane structural bodies secreted by cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become a hot topic in the field of plant science in recent years. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) play a key role in both plant physiological activities and the interaction between plants and the environment. These vesicles are involved in plant growth, development, and response to adversity by delivering signaling molecules, proteins, and other bioactive substances. Current studies have shown that PDEVs also exhibit promising potential for clinical applications, including as drug carriers, vaccine development, and biomarkers for disease diagnosis. In this paper, we review studies related to compositional characterization, isolation and purification methods, biological roles, and clinical applications of PDEVs. We aim to provide a systematic theoretical basis and practical guidance for future studies to promote their application in biomedical fields.