The effects of testicular aging on Leydig cells and the application of stem cells in restoring Leydig cells function

With the global population aging at an accelerated pace, testicular aging and its associated male health issues have garnered increasing attention. Testicular aging encompasses both age-related physiological decline and premature or pathological aging caused by various pathogenic factors. It is primarily characterized by reduced androgen secretion (mainly testosterone) and impaired spermatogenesis. Leydig cells, the key cells in the testes responsible for synthesizing and secreting testosterone, play a critical role in maintaining testicular function, and their dysfunction is one of the major contributors to testicular functional decline. In recent years, stem cell technology has demonstrated significant potential in restoring Leydig cell function. Stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into Leydig-like cells, which can restore testosterone secretion, improve the testicular microenvironment, and promote the regeneration of endogenous Leydig cells. Currently, various types of stem cells, such as stem leydig cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, have been successfully directed to differentiate into Leydig-like cells. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms by which testicular aging affects Leydig cells, with a particular focus on the application of stem cell technology in restoring Leydig cell function. Additionally, it explores potential strategies to address these issues, aiming to offer novel perspectives and approaches for the prevention and treatment of testicular aging.