Electroactive nanoplatforms in regenerative medicine: mechanisms, design strategies, and translational applications

Bioelectrical signaling represents a fundamental yet often overlooked regulatory layer in tissue regeneration. Disruption of the bioelectrical microenvironment following injury remains a critical barrier to effective tissue repair, while current electrical stimulation strategies, largely dependent on external or implantable devices, are constrained by limited spatial precision, invasiveness, and poor adaptability. Recent electroactive nanoplatforms enable in situ generation, transmission, and dynamic modulation of bioelectrical cues within regenerative microenvironments. This review first delineates multiscale mechanisms of bioelectrical regulation and then classifies conductive, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and magnetoelectric nanomaterials according to their signal-generation and transduction modes. We further present a platform-oriented design framework in which electroactive components are integrated with hydrogels, fibrous scaffolds, particulate systems, microneedles, 3D-printed scaffolds, organoids, and bioelectronic interfaces. Tissue-specific applications in skin, bone, cartilage, nerve, and cardiac repair illustrate how electrical output, mechanical properties, architecture, degradation, and biological function should be matched to regenerative requirements. Overall, electroactive nanoplatforms are evolving from passive electrical mediators into programmable interfaces for reconstructing regenerative bioelectrical microenvironments.