Examining the link between tooth loss and multiple health outcomes: a comprehensive synthesis of evidence from meta-analyses.

OBJECTIVES: Evidence linking tooth loss to various systemic health consequences is summarized and evaluated in this umbrella review. Evidence gaps are identified, and recommendations for the development of public oral health measures are provided. METHODS: This prospective registered umbrella review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. To identify meta-analyses of observational studies that have explored the link between tooth loss and systemic health outcomes, systematic literature searches were conducted in PubMed, the Web of Science, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library from the inception of the databases through September 2025. Methodological quality and evidence strength were evaluated using AMSTAR-2, GRADE, and credibility assessments. RESULTS: An examination of 27 meta-analyses containing 40 distinct estimates revealed that tooth loss was linked to increased risks of cardiovascular diseases, several types of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, mental disorders, and respiratory diseases. Dose-response analyses revealed incremental risks with increasing numbers of teeth lost for several outcomes, including cardiovascular diseases, all-cause mortality, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, cognitive decline, and dementia. However, the comprehensive evidence quality was predominantly rated as low or very low, with significant heterogeneity and potential biases noted. CONCLUSION: This umbrella review synthesizes evidence demonstrating that tooth loss is consistently linked to increased risks of multiple detrimental health consequences, underscoring its importance in systemic health rather than merely being a local dental issue. Oral health and holistic health management, especially among older adults people, should be considered to help reduce the risk of various systemic illnesses. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251149566.