Application of nanotherapy in cardiovascular diseases featuring novel pharmacological mechanisms and drug delivery strategies.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death globally. However, conventional pharmacotherapy is often limited by poor targeting, low bioavailability, and systemic adverse reactions. Nanoformulations, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanocarriers, biomimetic systems, and lipid-based carriers, have emerged as transformative platforms that enhance drug solubility, stability, and lesion-specific delivery. This review systematically summarizes the structural features, drug-loading mechanisms, and release strategies of these nanocarriers in major cardiovascular disease indications, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. Relevant studies on nanoparticles loaded with Western drugs and traditional Chinese medicine monomers are discussed within a unified framework. Furthermore, this review addresses the limitations of endothelial permeability in cardiovascular tissues, translational barriers, and future directions for clinical implementation.