Peer Learning in Medical and Health Professions Education: Evidence, Design Principles, and Pedagogical Reflection.

Peer learning is a collaborative approach grounded in social constructivist theory, emphasizing that knowledge is co-created through interaction. In medical education, it promotes active engagement, critical thinking, and professional identity formation. Within the author's research group, PhD students in the field of neurosurgery and medical students working on their undergraduate medical research projects, benefit from structured peer learning by sharing expertise, discussing challenges, and providing feedback. This aligns with communities of practice theory, where learning occurs through participation in a shared domain, and with Topping's framework highlighting peer tutoring as a reciprocal process that enhances cognitive and social development. Recent studies demonstrate that peer assisted learning improves clinical knowledge, practical skills acquisition, and learner engagement compared with traditional teaching approaches. These effects appear particularly strong in clinical and applied contexts, with evidence suggesting retention beyond the immediate learning period and improved transfer to performance. Integrating peer learning as a deliberate strategy strengthens academic outcomes and fosters lifelong learning skills. The Kirkpatrick framework can be used to evaluate the design, implementation, and outcomes of peer learning (PL) interventions. In line with these traditions, recent work in Academic Medicine has clarified mechanisms through which longitudinal near-peer learning operates-structured preparation, dynamic role-shifting during joint encounters, and post-encounter debriefing within trusted relationships-offering concrete practices that can be translated into the proposed setting.