Comparative analysis of fixed and individualised speed zones for quantifying external match load in female wheelchair basketball

Introduction This study compared fixed and individualized speed zone methods for quantifying external match load (EML) across classification and playing levels in women’s wheelchair basketball (WB) and examined their relationship with internal match load (IML) measures. Methods EML of 31 well trained female players (age: 28 ± 7 years, experience: 11 ± 5 years, weekly training: 12 ± 4 h) were quantified across 13 international (INT) and 5 Women’s Premier League (WPL) games using two inertial measurement units. A linear mixed model compared the percentage time in fixed and individualized speed zones and correlations with IML (eTRIMP, sRPE) using Pearson and Spearman Rho. Results Individualized zones recorded more time (10%) in low speed (Z3) and less time (0.3–5.9%) in moderate to very high-speed zones (Z4-Z6) versus fixed ( p < 0.0001). Differences and effect sizes were greater in INT games (+0.8-1.1 pp) and highest classifications (+9.5 pp). Both methods correlated poorly with IML, except weak Z3 correlations at the INT level ( p ≤ 0.020). Conclusions Speed zone method influences high-intensity movement assessments, varying by playing level and classification. Neither method optimally related to IML, highlighting the need for calibrated, consistent thresholds.