Latex allergy and medical aspects of the use of latex products.

INTRODUCTION: Latex allergy remains a significant occupational and clinical challenge in healthcare environments. AIM: The aim of this review study was to systematically analyse existing scientific data on the allergenic potential of latex, the clinical typology of allergic reactions, diagnostic capabilities, and preventive strategies in the medical environment. METHODS: The review included systematic reviews, clinical and epidemiological studies as well as case reports. All publications appeared in peer-reviewed journals between 2013 and 2025. RESULTS: The analysis showed that latex allergy is predominantly immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity to latex proteins (Hevea brasiliensis allergen b 1-15) and chemical compounds used in its production. Hevea brasiliensis allergens b 5 and b 6.02 demonstrate the highest allergenic potency among healthcare workers. In patients with congenital abnormalities, particularly those undergoing multiple surgical procedures, sensitization is more frequently associated with Hevea brasiliensis allergens b 1 and b 3. Sensitization may occur through dermal contact, inhalation exposure, or parenteral routes. Clinical manifestations range from urticaria and rhinitis to anaphylaxis. Diagnosis is based on skin prick tests, specific immunoglobulin E determination, and molecular diagnostics. The frequency of sensitization among healthcare workers reaches 22%, especially with frequent contact with gloves with a high protein content and aerosol latex (up to 9.4 ng/m3). A reliable relationship between the level of exposure and the risk of sensitization has been established (p-trend = 0.03). Prevention includes switching to gloves with reduced protein content, avoiding powdered products, using latex-alternative materials, training staff, and applying latex-free protocols in patients at risk. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the need for a comprehensive strategy for the prevention of latex allergy in healthcare settings, with an emphasis on protecting staff health, reducing allergen exposure, and ensuring patient safety.