Associations of Restorative Sleep With Subjective Well-Being, Self-Rated Health, and Positive Lifestyle Factors in Adults and Older Adults: Proposals for Sleep-Promoting Behaviors.

PurposeThis study examined associations between restorative sleep and subjective well-being, self-rated health, and positive lifestyle factors among community-dwelling adults (20-64 years) and older adults (≥65 years) in Japan, and identified sleep-promoting behaviors related to restorative sleep.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingCommunity-based survey in Japan.SampleStratified random sample of 5000 residents aged ≥20 years in City B, Prefecture A; 2371 valid responses analyzed (47.4%).InterventionNot applicable.MeasuresRestorative sleep, subjective well-being, self-rated health, and positive lifestyle factors were assessed by self-administered questionnaires.AnalysisLogistic regression was conducted separately for adults (20-64 years) and older adults (≥65 years), adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, and sleep medication; χ2 tests examined sleep-promoting behaviors.ResultsIn adults, restorative sleep was associated with subjective well-being (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.35-2.73), self-rated health (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.63-3.15), exercise habit (AOR = 1.85), diet balance (AOR = 1.40), and purpose in life (AOR = 1.40). In older adults, it was associated with self-rated health (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.19-3.77) and availability of a confidant (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.44-4.78). Getting up at a fixed time every morning and avoiding worries while in bed were related to restorative sleep in both groups.ConclusionRestorative sleep was associated with health, psychosocial, and lifestyle factors with age-specific patterns. Limitations include cross-sectional, self-reported data, so causality cannot be inferred.