Extended producer responsibility in domestic waste management: A review with a focus on Vietnam.

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) has emerged as a transformative policy instrument intended to improve waste management by shifting the end-of-life responsibility of products from government agencies and consumers to producers. This study explored the theoretical basics, policy frameworks, global implementation practices, effectiveness, challenges, and future directions of EPR in the context of domestic waste disposal. Additionally, a case study from Vietnam is also provided. Drawing from international experiences, it highlights the role of EPR in enhancing recycling rates, promoting eco-design, and facilitating the transition toward a circular economy. The article also examined the integration of informal sectors, the role of digital tools, and the necessary governance reforms needed to scale EPR initiatives globally.