Evaluative threat as an internal dimension of music performance anxiety among Chinese university music students.

BACKGROUND: Music performance anxiety (MPA) is common among university music students. Although MPA has been viewed as multidimensional, the position of evaluative threat (ET) within its internal structure remains unclear in Chinese university music students. This study examined whether ET forms an internal dimension of MPA, together with anticipatory tension and error monitoring (ATEM) and anxiety-related performance impairment (ARPI). METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 664 Chinese university music students. The 12-item measure assessed ATEM, ET, and ARPI. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity tests, measurement invariance analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression, and group difference analysis. RESULTS: EFA and CFA supported a three-factor structure consisting of ATEM, ET, and ARPI. The three-factor model showed good fit and outperformed one-factor and two-factor models. All three dimensions showed acceptable reliability and validity. ET was positively correlated with ATEM and ARPI. Regression analysis showed that ATEM and ET were both positively associated with ARPI. Female students, lower-year undergraduate students, instrumental music students, and students with low public performance frequency reported higher scores. CONCLUSION: ET is an important internal dimension of MPA among Chinese university music students. Face-loss concerns and evaluative pressure should be considered in music performance training and psychological support.