Evaluating the Impact of Extended Kalman Filter Odometry on the Performance of 2D LiDAR SLAM Algorithms.

Accurate localization and mapping are essential for autonomous mobile robots operating in unknown environments. This study investigates the impact of Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)-based sensor fusion on the performance of three widely used two-dimensional (2D) LiDAR Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms: GMapping, Karto SLAM, and SLAM Toolbox. Wheel encoder longitudinal velocity and inertial measurement unit (IMU) yaw angular velocity were fused using an EKF and compared with raw wheel odometry using the MIT Stata Center dataset. Localization performance was evaluated both before and after SLAM using translational and rotational Absolute Pose Error (APE) across multiple trajectory segments. Five repeated executions were performed for each SLAM configuration to characterize run-to-run variability. Prior to SLAM, EKF-filtered odometry reduced translational APE root mean square error (RMSE) by approximately 61-75% and rotational APE RMSE by approximately 65-77% relative to raw odometry. After SLAM, translational differences between the two odometry sources were substantially smaller and varied according to the evaluated algorithm and trajectory, while rotational performance exhibited larger and less consistent changes. These results demonstrate that substantial improvements in upstream odometry accuracy do not necessarily produce proportional improvements in final SLAM localization and that the influence of sensor fusion varied across the evaluated SLAM algorithm and trajectory segments, providing practical guidance for selecting localization strategies in autonomous mobile robots.