Impact of Graston Technique and Deep Friction Massage on Plantar Fasciitis Using the Foot Function Index: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Plantar fasciitis (PF) is a common foot condition characterized by heel pain. Deep friction massage and Graston technique (GT) are manual therapy techniques used to manage PF. This scoping review aimed to assess the effectiveness of these techniques on pain, disability, and function in individuals with PF, as measured by the Foot Function Index (FFI). METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in electronic databases (PubMed, PEDro, EBSCOhost, Cochrane Library) using relevant keywords. Studies were included if they involved adult participants with PF, utilized deep friction massage and/or GT as the intervention, and employed the FFI as an outcome measure. Data were extracted on study characteristics, participants, interventions, and outcomes. RESULTS: Six studies (five randomized controlled trials and one quasi-experimental study) involving 299 participants were included. All studies indicated statistically significant changes or improvements in within-group FFI after deep friction massage or GT. Four studies showed absolute changes in FFI measure beyond the minimal clinically important difference (defined as ≥7 points for the total FFI), which indicates some clinical significance regarding a functional change. However, between-group differences varied, and some studies reported no difference between the two treatments. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that both deep friction massage and GT may be effective in managing PF. Further research with larger, well-designed studies is needed to assess long-term effects and optimize treatment for diverse patient characteristics. A multimodal approach, considering patient-specific factors, may be necessary to achieve optimal outcomes in PF management.